Module 2. eBusiness Models

Models
Business Models- The manner in which a business organizes itself so as to achieve its objectives, which normally involves the generation of profits.

“The method by which a firm builds and uses its resources to offer its customers better value than its competitors and to make money doing so.”-Afuahand Tucci

Business Model Components

 * External Forces
 * PEST–create opportunities or erect barriers
 * Markets/formats
 * Domain and locations
 * Customers
 * individuals and/or organizations
 * Core Business Processes
 * That develop, produce, market, and distribute products/services
 * Core Products and Services
 * Alliances
 * Expand business opportunities and reduce/transfer business risk
 * Strategic Management Process
 * Resource Management Process

External Forces: The Impact of the Internet on Business

 * Mediating technology
 * Universality
 * Network externalities
 * Distribution channel
 * Time moderator
 * Information asymmetry shrinker
 * Infinite virtual capacity
 * Low cost standard
 * Creative destroyer
 * Transaction-cost reducerkjhob
 * hioghgv

Opportunities Presented by Business
Brokerage**General Types
 * Virtual organization
 * Products and Services
 * Add value to products and services
 * Marketing
 * New pricing models New pricing models auction, reverse auction
 * New markets, advertising and marketing
 * Market segmentation
 * individualized products/pricing
 * Market Intelligence
 * Developing new sales channels online
 * Transaction processing
 * Operations
 * Promoting efficiency of business processes
 * Streamlining SCM (supply chain mgmt)
 * Disintermediation, re-intermediation
 * Trading Exchanges and Marketplaces
 * E-Procurement Customer Support
 * New service models
 * direct access
 * Public Relations
 * Communicating with stakeholders
 * Exchange (eBay)
 * Auction
 * Reverse auction (Priceline)
 * Buyer aggregator (Freemarkets)
 * Classifieds (Workopolis)
 * Mall/Portal: single URL (Yahoo)
 * Shopping agents (Compare.net)
 * Verticals
 * Automotive (Cars4U)
 * Travel (Expedia)
 * Event Tickets
 * Jobs (Monster)

Auctions
-open-cry (English); e.g., e-bay model
 * enabled by internet: reduced overhead for buyers and sellers
 * types:

-Dutch; (auctioneer driven; suitable for perishable items) e.g., bid.com; Adauction (perishable online & print advertising)

-single and multi-round sealed bid; 2nd price sealed bid

-issues: duration, anonymity, disclosure of supply level
 * Brokerage –B2B, B2C, C2C ... usually charges a fee for each transaction (or commission)

Business to Consumer e-Commerce (B2C):
Examples of B2C:
 * One of the trading partners is an end user of a product/service
 * Authentication is optional
 * Base catalogues and prices are identical for all users
 * Payment is largely through card credit

Retail: Online store

Services: Online travel reservations

Financial Services: ATM, Online Banking, Telephone Banking, Online trading, online credit approval

Business to Business e Commerce (B2B):

 * Both trading partners are businesses
 * Authentication is required
 * Catalogues and prices are account specific
 * Multiple payment methods/payment terms

Examples of B2B: Financial Services: Wire transfers, Brokerage services
 * Manufacturing
 * Line of business document exchange
 * Supply chain management
 * Retail: Online procurement, Online catalogue from distributor/manufacturer
 * Services: Airline reservation system


 * marketplace exchange
 * buy/sell fulfillment
 * demand collection system
 * auction broker
 * transaction broker
 * distributor
 * search agent
 * virtual marketplace

Advertising

 * Portal
 * Classifieds
 * User Registration
 * Query-based Paid Placement
 * Contextual Advertising / behavioural marketing
 * content-targeted advertising (google is a good example)
 * intromercials (animated, full screen, before user reaches intended content)
 * ultramercials (interactive online ads)

Infomediary

 * Advertising Networks
 * Audience Measurement Services
 * Incentive Marketing
 * Metamediary

Merchant

 * Virtual merchant (e-tailer)
 * Catalog Merchant
 * Click and Mortar
 * Bit Vendor (strictly digital products/services. Both sales and distribution via net)
 * Manufacturer (Direct)
 * Purchase
 * Lease
 * License
 * Brand Integrated Content
 * Affiliate
 * Banner Exchange
 * Pay-per-click
 * Revenue Sharing
 * Community
 * Open source
 * Open Content
 * Public Broadcasting
 * Social Networking Services
 * Subscription
 * Content Services
 * Person-to-Person Networking Services
 * Trust services
 * Internet Services Providers (AOL)
 * Utility
 * Metered Usage
 * Metered Subscriptions

Rappa's Business Models Chart
http://digitalenterprise.org/models/models.html

Differences between eCommerce and eBusiness

 *  e-Commerce : “Exchange of economic value facilitated by electronic media”
 * Ex : Credit cards networks, PayPal, “buying and selling over digital media”
 * Differences from traditional commerce:
 * Always open
 * Speed based competition
 * Enhanced interface for customer (mass customization)
 * Customer controlled interactions
 * Online behavior traceable/measureable (new metrics)
 * Dimensions of e-Commerce:
 * Brick and Mortar (Physical location entirely)
 * Pure Play (Online only)
 * Click-and-Mortar (Some online, but focused on physical sales)
 * e-Commerce Drivers:
 * Expand universe of potential buyers
 * Increase sales
 * Meet customer expectations
 * Increase brand/product recognition
 * Ease of doing business
 * Competitive pressure
 * Cost effectiveness
 * Provide more information to customers
 * Improve customer service
 * New sales channel


 *  e-Business : includes e-Commerce functions, but also involved activities not directly related to direct exchange of economic value
 * Front office (Customer facing) activities:
 * Attracting/keeping customers, User authentication, Catalog display, Availability, Price comparison, Order taking, credit check
 * Back office:
 * Sourcing (finding/pricing/ordering/paying), logistics/delivery, billing, collection
 * B2C (business-consumer), B2B (business-business), G2C (government: utilities, taxes), G2B (permits, taxes), B2E (employees: benefits, pensions) C2C (eBay)
 * EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) : Standard way of electronically encoding and exchanging Line of Business documents

Different ways of Businesses Analysis:
PEST-Political, Environmental, Social, Technological

Industry Analysis (Analysis of competition)-Suppliers, Potential Entrants, Buyers, Substitutes, Industry Rivalry

SWOT (Situational Analysis)-Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats

Wikinomics:
-the internet has changes business models-Crowd Sourcing-Wikipedia is 12times bigger than Britannica-the new web changes the structure of business and business processes.

Technology Revolution (Web 2.0):

-everything is connected to the internet and has an IP including keys for hotel rooms, cell phones, etc… WiFi internet

-The old web was based on html-the new is based on xml, SOAP, etc…

-The web is no longer a platform for merely presentation-it’s a platform for computation.

Geospaciality
the location of where things are according to the internet (GPS)-For example-> Socialight-allows users to put a digital sticky on a location so if a friend of loved one is near they will get that note.

-use of geometry and cell phone location to tell you the fastest route home.

Skype:
talking over the internet

The Net Generation
The 1st generation that grew up with computers, a generation that processes differently. We are creating a structural underclass-those that have access to internet and those without access.

The Social Revolution
down with html and the rise of xml-self organizations like Wikipedia instead of Britannica

The Economic Revolution
the corporation’s hierarchy is changing-more peering and collaboration than ever before.

The Naked Corporation
Transparency, integrity, “undress for success”-where more info. is accessible to the general public-and companies are under much stricter public scrutiny.

Sharing
embrace and share companies for example IBM works with Linux they have a shared IP portfolio.

ACT Global
Global business practices ex. Cambrian House

Mass Collaboration
ex. Goldcorp.->posted an online challenge with a half a million dollar prize to get anyone to find where the gold was on Gold Corp.’s land-3.6 billion in gold was found.

The 7 Wonders of Mass Collaboration:

 * 1) Peer Pioneers-work together to find creditable results.
 * 2) Ideagoras-open markets for uniquely qualified minds.
 * 3) Prosumers-consumers became producers-ex. selling a WOW character for real $.
 * 4) The New Alexandrians: The Sharing of Science-ex. the human Genome project.
 * 5) Open Platforms-All the world is a stage-everyone works together.
 * 6) Global-the global plant floor-mass collaboration-treating suppliers like partners
 * 7) The Wiki Workplace-a more level playing field style workplace where everyone ideas are valid-and help build a better goods/services

Core Competence Strategy:
-Competitiveness is derived from being able to build faster and at a lower cost than competitors.

 Tests of CC are…  Competitive advantage: Theory suggests that states and businesses should pursue policies that create high-quality goods to sell at high prices in the market. Porter emphasizes productivity growth as the focus of national strategies. Competitive advantage rests on the notion that cheap labor is ubiquitous and natural resources are not necessary for a good economy. The other theory, comparative advantage can lead countries to specialize in exporting primary goods and raw materials that trap countries in low-wage economies due to terms of trade. Competitive advantage attempts to correct for this issue by stressing maximizing scale economies in goods and services that garner premium prices (Stutz and Warf 2009).
 * 1) Provides potential access to a wide variety of markets
 * 2) Should make a significant contribution to the perceived customer benefits of the end product
 * 3) CC should be difficult for competitors to imitate

Value Chain
Products pass through all activities of the chain in order and at each activity the product gains some value. The chain of activities gives the products more added value than the sum of added values of all activities. It is important not to mix the concept of the value chain with the costs occurring throughout the activities. A diamond cutter can be used as an example of the difference. The cutting activity may have a low cost, but the activity adds much of the value to the end product, since a rough diamond is significantly less valuable